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1. Penetration Testing Techniques
  • Information Gathering: This is the first step of penetration testing. Hackers collect information about the target system using various methods, such as IP addresses, domain names, network topology, OS types, open ports, and services. For example, they use search engines and network scanning tools (like Nmap) to gather public and network configuration information.
  • Vulnerability Scanning and Analysis: After gathering enough information, hackers use vulnerability scanning tools (such as Nessus, OpenVAS) to scan the target system for possible vulnerabilities. They analyze the results to determine which vulnerabilities can be exploited to gain control.
  • Exploitation: Once vulnerabilities are found, hackers attempt to exploit them to break into the system. For example, they may use buffer overflow, SQL injection, or cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities. Different vulnerabilities require different tools and methods.
  • Privilege Escalation: After successfully breaking in, hackers often try to escalate their privileges to access more resources and data, such as exploiting local privilege escalation vulnerabilities to become an administrator.
  • Lateral Movement and Information Gathering: After gaining control, hackers move laterally within the network to find other valuable systems and data, continuing to collect sensitive information such as user credentials, config files, and databases.
2. Network Attack Techniques
  • Denial of Service Attacks (DoS/DDoS): Hackers send massive fake requests or packets to overload the target server or network, making it unavailable to normal users. Distributed DoS (DDoS) uses many controlled computers to increase attack strength and stealth.
  • Phishing Attacks: Hackers create fake websites or send emails with malicious links to trick users into entering sensitive information (usernames, passwords, credit card info), often using social engineering.
  • Man-in-the-Middle Attacks (MITM): Hackers insert themselves between communicating parties to intercept and alter data, such as stealing login or transaction info between a user and a bank.
  • Session Hijacking: Hackers obtain session tokens or credentials to take over a user's session, accessing protected resources as the user, often exploiting vulnerabilities or weak passwords.
3. Social Engineering Attacks
  • Impersonation: Hackers pose as legitimate users, tech support, or executives to gain trust and access sensitive info.
  • Spam and Malware Distribution: Sending spam emails with malicious links or attachments to trick users into downloading malware.
4. Vulnerability Exploitation Techniques
  • Buffer Overflow Exploitation: Sending oversized data to a program's buffer to crash it or execute malicious code.
  • SQL Injection: Inserting SQL statements into input fields to manipulate database queries, steal or alter data.
  • Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): Injecting malicious scripts into web pages to steal cookies, session info, or perform other attacks.
  • Local Privilege Escalation: Exploiting vulnerabilities to elevate privileges from a normal user to administrator.
5. Data Encryption and Decryption Techniques
  • Data Encryption: Hackers use encryption to protect malware or tools from detection, or to encrypt stolen data during transmission/storage.
  • Data Decryption: Hackers try to decrypt encrypted data using brute force, dictionary, or rainbow table attacks to obtain valuable info.
6. System and Software Vulnerability Discovery Techniques
  • Code Auditing: Analyzing source code to find vulnerabilities and security issues.
  • Fuzz Testing: Sending random or malformed data to software to find crashes or vulnerabilities.
  • Vulnerability Discovery Tools: Using tools like Metasploit, AFL, etc., to automate vulnerability discovery.
7. Bypassing Defense Technologies
  • Bypassing Firewalls and IDS/IPS: Using techniques to evade firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems.
  • Bypassing Antivirus and Security Software: Modifying malware, using obfuscation, or exploiting zero-day vulnerabilities to evade detection.
8. Scripting and Automated Attack Techniques
  • Attack Scripting: Writing scripts to automate attack tasks, such as scanning, exploitation, or information gathering.
  • Automated Attack Tool Development: Developing tools that integrate multiple attack techniques for automated attack workflows.
Note: The classification of hacker techniques is not absolute; many techniques overlap and merge. Hacker technology evolves rapidly, with new methods constantly emerging. The use of these techniques is illegal unless for security research and defense purposes. Never use them for illegal attacks or destruction.

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